Number and height of unbrowsed saplings are more appropriate than the proportion of browsed saplings for predicting silvicultural regeneration success

Abstract • Key message The browsing level of oak (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur) fir (Abies alba) provided only a rough estimate the expected regeneration success. Thus, it cannot be recommended as standard measurement to predict forest development, unless number saplings height those are considered. Context Browsing by large herbivores may affect success with an impact that lasts for decades. Aims Whether tree species can used in forestry measure assess whether target values (for instance success) highly selected species, such ( (Mattuschka) Liebl., robur L. )) Abies alba (Mill. )), will reached is unclear need specification. Methods In this study, 985 sampling plots (10 m 2 ) Southern Germany (Baden-Württemberg) containing browsed unbrowsed fir-saplings were analysed. Both considered not sapling density but also different classes (≤ 20 cm; 21–50 51–130 cm) calculated. Results use proxy was statistically partly justified. For relationship between became even weaker new indicator variable which considers two rather than one class exceeding 50 cm (51–80 81–130 cm). Conclusion According these results, and/or predictor damage, efforts mitigate conflicts foresters hunters, needed addresses successful establishment sufficient trees despite browsing, alone.